DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION

Denotation and Connotation

Denotation is a word's literal meaning. For example, were Juliet to look up the word 'rose' in the dictionary, she would find something like, 'a bush or shrub that produces flowers, usually red, pink, white or yellow in color.' Similarly, street names, like Sistrunk Boulevard or Northeast Sixth Street, tell people where they are and help them get to where they want to go.
On the other hand, connotation is a word's underlying meanings; it is all the stuff we associate with a word. So, while a rose is indeed a type of flower, we also associate roses with romantic love, beauty and even special days, like Valentine's Day or anniversaries. Connotations go beyond the literal to what we think and feel when we hear or see a word.
So, while Sistrunk Boulevard tells people in Fort Lauderdale where they are (denotation), the name also makes some people feel pride because it honors a well-regarded local figure in the black community (connotation). Others see the name Sistrunk as having negative connotations because of its history of blight and crime. For some in the community, that which we call a rose, by any other name does not smell as sweet.

Examples from Literature

Notice earlier when I said that the two neighborhoods in Fort Lauderdale were divided by railroad tracks? 'The other side of the tracks' is a phrase with both denotative and connotative meanings. The phrase denotes something benign - that you are crossing railroad tracks - but can also have deep cultural and socio-economic connotations.
Railroad tracks often separate more well-off neighborhoods from other less-prosperous neighborhoods. In communities like Fort Lauderdale, the 'other side of the tracks' or the 'wrong side of the tracks' has negative connotations as rundown or unsafe. And, like Sistrunk, these tracks frequently separate one racial group from another, so the phrase can have racial implications as well.
Authors, and poets in particular, choose their words carefully, using connotations as a shorthand to say a lot all at once and give a work of literature an added layer (or layers) of meaning. Take this excerpt from the poem Mending Wall by American poet Robert Frost:
'And on a day we meet to walk the line
And set the wall between us once again.
We keep the wall between us as we go.'
In the poem, the speaker and a neighbor meet to repair their shared stone fence, but the word choice and the connotations those words have, gives the poem meaning beyond the literal. 'Walk the line' denotes the 'practice of walking along and securing a property line,' as both owners do in the poem. However, 'walk the line' also means 'following the rules and doing what is socially accepted. Both men do what they are supposed to do, setting the wall between them. 

     Definitions and Concepts in Critical Thinking

Understanding the difference between denotation and connotation is important to understanding

definitions and how concepts are used. Unfortunately, that is complicated by the fact that these terms can be used in two different ways: grammatical and logical. Even worse, both uses are worth keeping in mind and both uses are relevant to project of logical, critical thinking. In grammar, a word’s denotation is whatever the word directly refers to, roughly equivalent to its lexical definition. Thus, the word “atheist” denotes a person who disbelieves in or denies the existence of gods. A word’s connotation refers to any subtle nuances that might or might not be intended by its use.For example, one possible connotation for the word “atheist” might be someone who is immoral and wicked, depending upon who is doing the speaking or listening. Separating grammatical denotation from connotation is important because while one might assume that a word’s denotation is fully intended, whether a word’s connotations are intended is much more difficult to determine. Connotations are often emotional in nature, and thus if they are intended, it may be for the purpose of swaying a person’s emotional reactions rather than the logical evaluation of an argument. If there are misunderstandings about how a person is using a word in a particular debate, a primary source of that misunderstanding might liein the word’s connotations: people might be seeing something not intended or the speaker may be intending something people don’t see. In constructing your own arguments, it’s a good idea not merely to look at what your words denote, but also what they connote. The relationship between words and meanings is extremely complicated, and belongs to the field of semantics. For now, though, what you need to know is that words do not have single, simple meanings. Traditionally, grammarians have referred to the meanings of words in two parts:

denotationa literal meaning of the word connotationan association (emotional or otherwise) which the word evokes For example, both "woman" and "chick" have the denotation "adult female" in North American society, but "chick" has somewhat negative connotations, while "woman" is neutral.

 https://www.csun.edu/~bashforth/098_PDF/06Sep15Connotation_Denotation.pdf
 http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-connotation-and-denotation-definitions-examples.html

implication

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im·pli·ca·tion

 (ĭm′plĭ-kā′shən)

n.

1. The act of implicating or the condition of being implicated.

2. The act of implying or the condition of being implied.

3. Something that is implied, especially:

a. An indirect indication; a suggestion.

b. An implied meaning; implicit significance.

c. An inference. See Usage Note at infer.

---

im′pli·ca′tive adj.

im′pli·ca′tive·ly adv.

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

implication

(ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃən)

n

1. the act of implicating or the state of being implicated

2. something that is implied; suggestion: the implication of your silence is that you're bored.

3. (Logic) logic

a. the operator that forms a sentence from two given sentences and corresponds to the English if … then …

b. a sentence so formed. Usually written p→q or p⊃q, where p and q are the component sentences, it is true except when p (the antecedent) is true and q (the consequent) is false

c. the relation between such sentences

ˌimpliˈcational adj

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014

im•pli•ca•tion

(ˌɪm plɪˈkeɪ ʃən)

n.

1. something implied or suggested as naturally to be inferred or understood: an implication of dishonesty.

2. the act of implying.

3. the state of being implied.

4. the relation between two propositions such that the second is not false when the first is true.

5. the act of implicating.

6. the state of being implicated.

7. a likely relationship: the religious implications of ancient astrology.

[1400–50; late Middle English < Latin]

im`pli•ca′tion•al, adj.

Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.

ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:

Switch to new thesaurus

Noun	1.	implication - something that is inferred (deduced or entailed or implied); "his resignation had political implications" entailment, deduction illation, inference - the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation
	2.	implication - a meaning that is not expressly stated but can be inferred; "the significance of his remark became clear only later"; "the expectation was spread both by word and by implication" significance, import meaning, substance - the idea that is intended; "What is the meaning of this proverb?"
	3.	implication - an accusation that brings into intimate and usually incriminating connection accusal, accusation - a formal charge of wrongdoing brought against a person; the act of imputing blame or guilt unspoken accusation, veiled accusation - an accusation that is understood without needing to be spoken innuendo, insinuation - an indirect (and usually malicious) implication
	4.	implication - a logical relation between propositions p and q of the form `if p then q'; if p is true then q cannot be false conditional relation, logical implication logical relation - a relation between propositions
	5.	implication - a relation implicated by virtue of involvement or close connection (especially an incriminating involvement); "he was suspected of implication in several robberies" involvement - a connection of inclusion or containment; "he escaped involvement in the accident"; "there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen"

Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.

implication

noun

1. suggestion, hint, inference, meaning, conclusion, significance, presumption, overtone, innuendo, intimation, insinuation, signification The implication was obvious: vote for us or you'll be sorry.

2. involvement, association, connection, incrimination, entanglement Implication in a murder finally brought him to the gallows.

plural noun

1. consequences, result, developments, ramifications, complications, upshot He was acutely aware of the political implications of his decision.

Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002

implication

noun

A subtle quality underlying or felt to underlie a situation, action, or person:

hint, inkling, suspicion, undercurrent, undertone.

The American Heritage® Roget's Thesaurus. Copyright © 2013, 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

Translations

Spanish / Español

Select a language:

implication

[ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃən] N

1. (= consequence) → implicación f, consecuencia f
we shall have to study all the implications → tendremos que estudiar las posibles consecuencias or repercusiones
the proposal has major implications for schools → la propuesta tiene grandes implicaciones or acarrea importantes consecuencias para los colegios

2. (= inference) his implication was that she was lying → estaba insinuando que ella mentía
the implication of this is that → esto significa que ...
he did not realize the full implications of his words → no se dio cuenta de la trascendencia de sus palabras
by implication then → de ahí (se deduce) que ...

3. (in crime) → implicación f

Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005

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http://www.thefreedictionary.com/implication

symbol and referent

symbol and referent, eufemisme

• SEMANTIC

The word semantics is derived from the Greek semaino, meaning, to signify or mean. Semantics is part of the larger study of signs, semiotics. It is the part that deals with words as signs (symbols) and language as a system of signs (words as symbols)." (Hipkiss, 1995:ix)

Menurut Hipkiss kata semantik diambil dari Yunani Semaino, yang bermakna Menandai atau memaknai. Semantik adalah bagian dari bidang studi tentang makna yang lebih luas yaitu semiotics. Semantik juga bagian yang membahas tentang simbol, tanda dan bahasa sebagai satu kesatuan sistem simbol.

Sementara itu, Saeed (2003:3) secara ringkas memaknai semantik sebagai berikut:

“Semantics is the study of meaning communicated through language.”

Lebih pendek lagi, Hurford dan Heasley (1983:1) mendefinisikan semantik dengan sangat sederhana, mereka mengatakan: "Semantics is the study of meaning in Language."

Selain itu, Palmer (1976:1) memaknai semantik sebagai salah satu bagian dari cabang ilmu linguistics. Ia menjelaskan bahwa:

 "Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics."

Menurut Palmer, semantik adalah istilah yang digunakan yang mengacu pada ilmu bidang makna, dan karena makna adalah bagian dari bahasa, maka semantik adalah bagian dari cabang ilmu linguistik.
Sebenarnya masih banyak lagi pakar-pakar bahasa, para ahli bahasa, para ahli linguistik yang memberikan beberapa definisi atau makna semantics tersebut. Akan tetapi semuanya rata-rata mengungkapkan bahwa semantics adalah bagian dari ilmu bahasa yang membahas tentang makna.

 

• Symbol and referent

Symbol merupakan unsur linguistik berupa kata, kalimat, dan sebagainya; yang menunjuk kepada nenda, situasi, peristiwa, dan sebagainya. Dalam kalimat “Ini bagus”. Hanya kata “Ini” merupakan satu symbol jika kata “ini” merujuk ke suatu benda, situasi, peristiwa, misalnya sebuah buku, sebuah baju, dan sebagainya. Kata “bagus” tidak memiliki fungsi simbolik karena kata “bagus” hanya melayani ungkapan sikap. Bagi Richards dan Ogden kata-kata yang menyatakan perasaan, sikap, harapan, impian, dan sebagainya tidak termasuk dalam pengertian symbol. Kata-kata tersebut (yang menyatakan perasaan, sikap, harapan, impian, dan sebagainya) dikelompokkan ke dalam “bahasa emotif”.

Bahasa simbolik yang didefinisikan oleh Richards dan Ogden ialah bahasa yang sesuai dengan fakta atau bahasa kefaktaan. Sedangkan, bahasa emotif memiliki kegunaan dalam proses komunikasi untuk membangkitkan sikap yang diharapkan dari orang lain atau untuk mendorong orang lain bertindak dan sebagainya.

           Referent adalah objek atau sesuatu yang berada di luar bahasa. Referent merujuk sesuatu diluar otak manusia dan berada di dunia ini. Jika kita mempergunakan simbol, maka kita merujuk kepada referent, misalnya, apa itu, dimana itu, kapan itu, siapa itu, yang berada didunia nyata. Sebagaimana yang dikutip oleh Parera (1990: 43) Richards dan Ogden menyatakan adalah penting untuk menemukan referent agar diketahui apakah suatu reference benar atau tidak. Dan jika reference benar, maka ia merujuk kepada fakta (if a reference “hangs together” in the way the actual referent hangs together, the reference is true and refers to a fact). 

Ogden dan Richard menyatakan penting untuk menenukan referent agar diketahui apakah satu reference benar atau tidak. Dan jika reference benar, maka ia merujuk kepada fakta. Mereka mengatakan terdapat reference yang kompleks karena beberapa reference dihubungkan satu dengan yang lain.

Hubungan antara kata (symbol) dengan makna (reference)nya bersifat arbriter, artinya, tidak ada hubungan wajib antara deretan fonem pembentuk kata itu dengan maknanya. Namun, hubungan bersifat konvensional. Artinya, disepakati oleh setiap anggota masyarakat suatu bahasa untuk mematuhi hubungan itu; sebab kalau tidak, komunikasi verbal yang dilakukan akan mendapat hambatan.

• Euphemism

A euphemism is “the substitution of a mild, indirect or vague term for one considered to be harsh, blunt, or offensive”. Sometimes called doublespeak, a euphemism is a word or phrase which pretends to communicate but doesn’t. It makes the bad seem good, the negative seem positive, the unnatural seem natural, the unpleasant seem attractive, or at least tolerable. It is language which avoids, shifts or denies responsibility. It conceals or prevents thought.

Doublespeak was one of the central themes of George Orwell’s famous novel, 1984, although he didn’t use that term, instead he used the terms “doublethink” and “newspeak”.

Here are some particularly amusing examples, except where downright offensive.

1. You aren’t poor, you are economically disadvantaged.
2. You aren’t broke, you have temporary negative cash flow.
3. You do not live in a slum but in substandard housing, or in an economically depressed neighborhood, or culturally deprived environment.
4. If you are managing company stakeholders, that means you are lobbying, which is really the same as bribing.
Euphemisms are often used in everyday speech to soften difficult situations.
Example 1
We have to let you go, Tyler.
To “let someone go” is to fire someone. This is a euphemism that sounds much nicer than the harsh truth of the situation.

Example #1

Examples of euphemism referring to sex are found in William Shakespeare’s “Othello” and “Antony and Cleopatra”. In “Othello”, Act 1 Scene 1, Iago tells Brabantio:
“I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs.”
Here, the expression “making the beast with two backs” refers to the act of having sex.
Similarly, we notice Shakespeare using euphemism for sexual intercourse in his play “Antony and Cleopatra”. In Act 2 Scene 2, Agrippa says about Cleopatra:
“Royal wench!
She made great Caesar lay his sword to bed.
He plowed her, and she cropped.”
The word “plowed” refers to the act of sexual intercourse and the word “cropped” is a euphemism for becoming pregnant.

Function of Euphemism

Euphemism helps writers to convey those ideas which have become a social taboo and are too embarrassing to mention directly. Writers skillfully choose appropriate words to refer to and discuss a subject indirectly which otherwise are not published due to strict social censorship e.g. religious fanaticism, political theories, sexuality, death etc. Thus, euphemism is a useful tool that allows writers to write figuratively about the libelous issues.




referns :
http://delapan12.blogspot.co.id/2010/06/makna-sebagai-arti-dan-referensi.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referent
http://literarydevices.net/euphemism/

 Menurut Geert

Morphology, the study of the internal structure of words, deals with the forms of lexemes (inflection), and with the ways in which lexemes are formed (word-formation). New words are made on the basis of patterns of form-meaning correspondence between existing words. Paradigmatic relationships between words are therefore essential, and morphology cannot be conceived of as ‘the syntax of morphemes’ or ‘syntax below the word level’ (ibid:14)

 

“The two basic functions of morphological operations are (i) the creation of new words (i.e. new lexemes), and (ii) spelling out the appropriate form of a lexeme in a particular syntactic context.”

“Morphology serves to expand the lexicon, the set of established words of a language, but is not the only source of lexical units, and not even that of all complex words, which also arise through borrowing, univerbation, and word creation.”

“The established (simplex and complex) words of a language are listed in the lexicon, an abstract linguistic notion, to be distinguished from the notions ‘dictionary’ and ‘mental lexicon’. Morphological rules have two functions: they specify the predictable properties of the complex words listed in the lexicon, and indicate how new words and word forms can be made.”

“Morphology as a subdiscipline of linguistics aims at adequate language description, at the development of a proper language typology, and at contributing to debates on the organization of grammars and the mental representation of linguistic competence.”

 

 smallest

Morphology is the study of meaningful form or the smallest meaningful units of language.

There are two basic divisions in morphology :
(1) lexical or derivational morphology; studies word formation which produces new words such as nation — national.
(2) inflectional morphology; studies word formation related to grammatical affixes: prular, past tense and possession.

 

 Noam Chomsky, 2002:1

Syntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages. Syntactic investigation of a given language has as its goal the construction of a grammar that can be viewed as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the language under analysis.

 

 

 

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ERNURRIDIANA

 Nama saya ERNURRIDIANA panggilan saya IAN . Tempat tanggal lahir saya diperawang, 26 november 1995. Saya anak pertama dan mempunyai tiga orang adik laki-laki. Saya tinggal bersama kedua orang tua tepatnya diperawang.

Dulu saya pernah bersekolah di SD PGRI diperawang, SMP di SMPN 7 Tualang, dan SMA di SMAN 3 Tualang. Nah, sekarang saya sedang kuliah di campus UNIVERSITAS LANCANG KUNING PEKANBARU jurusan pendidikan bhs.inggris FKIP.

Hobi saya adalah menari, sebelumya saya menyukai dance. Saya pernah menjuari iven tari dan dancer, itu sangat membanggakan diri saya walaupun hanya seKecamatan.

Cita-cita saya adalah membanggakan kedua orang tua, menjadi yang terbaik dan sukses dalam karir saya.

Apapun yang terjadi dalam hidup ini jangan pernah dijadikan sebuah beban selalu berserah dirilah kepada-Nya yakinlah bahwa Tuhan telan merencanakan sesuatu yang terbaik untuk kita.

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